First amendment and thoughts about the border - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 348 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/24 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? America was built on freedom. The freedom of the right to freely speak, the right to protest the government, and to gather peacefully among each other. To make sure that America will stay what it was meant to be, Americas founding fathers wrote the constitution and the bill of rights to make sure that we will always have these rights. The first amendment is very important. It states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This is one of the most important assets to what makes America, America. I believe that using tear gas is necessary, because some of the officers were in danger, and violence had broken out. The officers were just doing there job of protecting the border, and that requires doing whatever you have to, to keep people f rom crossing illegally. They did not do any permanent damage to the people, they were just trying to defend themselves like any one of us would have. I believe a reasonable solution is that we open up more checking points and provide shelter the best we can for those people while they wait to get into the United States. These are people that have come to have a better life and everyone deserves that. We are all making it harder than it really is. They shouldnt have to go through all of this trouble. Im not saying that they shouldnt have to get checked and go through the process, but we should make it easier on them. They are already scared and we should be the ones helping them. On the other hand they should not be getting violent and trying to cross illegally. We need to come to an agreement that makes everyone happy. America is supposed to be the greatest nation of all, but right now we arent living up to what we need to be. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "First amendment and thoughts about the border" essay for you Create order

Essay about Consumer Behavior Case Study Do Our Avatars...

Case Study: Do Our Avatars Learn? 1) According to the text, classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own. As time passes, the second stimulus is able to cause a similar response because of the fact that we associate it with the first stimulus. An example of classical conditioning would be one that was demonstrated by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. He conducted research on digestion in dogs. Pavlov was able to induce classically conditioned learning when he paired a neutral stimulus (a bell) with a stimulus that was known to cause a salivation response in dogs (he squirted dried meat powder into their mouths). The powder†¦show more content†¦The difference between instrumental conditioning and classical conditioning is that instrumental conditioning deals with the modification of â€Å"voluntary behavior† or operant behavior. Operant behavior â€Å"operates† on the environment and is maintained by its consequences. On the other hand, classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of reflexive behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions. Behaviors that are conditioned via a classical conditioning procedure are not maintained by consequences. This is a learning process that we most closely associate with the psychologist B.F. Skinner. Skinner demonstrated the effects of instrumental conditioning by teaching pigeons and other animals to dance, play Ping-Pong, and perform other activities when he systematically rewarded them for desired behaviors. Due to the fact that responses in classical conditioning are involuntary and fairly simple, we make those in instrumental conditioning deliberately to obtain a goal, and these may be more complex. The desired behavior might be learned over a period of time as a shaping process rewards our intermediate actions. From all of this research about instrumental conditioning, we conclude that a consumer who purchases a new outfit for his avatar on a virtual world would be modifying the occurrence and form of the avatar’s behaviorShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Incidental Learning Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pageswithout even realizing. Incidental learning is just another way that huma ns learn about information, but in a natural way. We have marketing strategists and advertisers placing their products in every area they can. From sidewalks with benches covered in ads, to commercials on television, and even banners running across the screens of our computers; if it’s out there, we re going to see it. 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Nowadays, the most frequently used approach to make money forRead MoreSocial Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace34799 Words   |  140 Pagesl Social Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace Logistics Masters thesis Xiaoyan Hu 2011 Department of Information and Service Economy Aalto University School of Economics ABSTRACT The term of social media is becoming increasingly popular presently, the amount of social media users is growing dramatically, and the monetization of social media has been discussed in publications but not in details. Nowadays, the most frequently used approach to make money forRead MoreSexism in the Video Game Industry4263 Words   |  18 Pagesalso look at why society views men as innately better at games and technology and how this leads to the gender divide in game development and rampant sexism in gaming culture- especially during professional industry events. 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In this context, analyze theRead MoreCafe Coffee Day Case Study13069 Words   |  53 Pages1.2 Scope and Area of the project. | | 1.3 Limitations of the study | | CHAPTER II | | 2.1 Industry Profile | | 2.2 Coperate Profile – Cafà © Coffee Day | | CHAPTER III | | 3.1 Introduction of the project. | | * ASPD | | * Other factors considered. | | 3.2 6 P’s at CCD | | 3.3 Underatanding Consumer Behaviours | | 3.4 CCD – Sector 28 (Chandigarh) | | 3.5

Business Organisations Developing Employability Skills

Question: Discuss about the Business Organisations for Developing Employability Skills. Answer: Introduction In order to work in business organisations, the candidates are required to have a set of skills which are prerequisites to work in any industry. These skills that every individual should possess in order to work in any industry are known as the employability skills. Thus, employability skills can be defined as the basic set of skills which help an individual in getting a job offer from a business organisation. In general, employability skills are divided into eight categories, which are listed below: Communication Team-work Problem solving Initiative and enterprise Planning and organising Self-management Learning Technology ("Employability Skills", 2016) In order to find a respectable job, such as an EDA engineer, I have been developing my employability skills since a long time. I have been trying to develop some important skills through my coursework, outside my coursework as well as in the industry in which I have been working. Ability to communicate effectively, both verbally and in writing, with staff at all levels: This particular employability skill is one which I have developed throughout my life, right from the beginning of my schooling. While studying in an institute, I had to communicate with my peers, juniors, seniors, teachers, assistance teachers, head of various departments, etc. Not only did I learn to communicate verbally with the staff at all levels, but I also learned how to communicate with them through writing. I developed verbal communication skills as a result of their daily interactions with the people I met while. I also developed written communication skills from the subjects that they I was taught. Further, I also used to write formal letters to various teachers and head of departments whenever there was an issue related to the students or if I had to inform the higher authority about something important. Thus, it also helps me in developing their written communication skills. Ultimately, communication skill is one such skills which a person continuously develops throughout his or her life as he or she meets new people and has to deal with them. This skill can be developed during student life, while working in an industry as well as outside the coursework or industry (Youth Central, 2016). I have also been taking some important courses that are helping me in improving this particular employability skill while it becomes more efficient as I deal with people in my industry and during social interactions. Ability to work effectively both independently and as a part of a team: One of the most important employability skill is to work effectively individually as well as while working in a team and it is highly important for all the employees to have this skill in them. I started developing this particular skill right from the beginning of my student life. Educational institutes provide individual as well as team based assignments to the students. Such assignments helped me in developing my skills while working individually as well as while working as a part of a team (Teamwork, n.d.). This skill was further developed once I started to work in an industry. While working in an industry, I am responsible for my individual performance while I also have to fulfil those jobs and responsibilities which are provided to me by my team leaders, departmental heads, seniors, etc. Thus, I am developing this employability skill by basically working in an industry. (Kent.ac.uk, 2016). Ability to plan, prioritise and organise work to ensure pre-determined deadlines are met: Another important employability skill is the ability of an employee to plan, prioritize and organise his or work and to ensure that the deadlines are met. This is a skill which I have developed throughout my life i.e. right from the beginning of education to working in an industry and also outside the coursework. During my coursework, I had to study a number of subjects, prepare assignments, take exams, etc. which are all based on deadlines and require a lot of planning, organising and prioritizing. In our social and family lives, we all have a number of tasks that we are required to accomplish in our daily lives. Consequently, I have to plan my day, prioritise the work that needs to be accomplished first and organise ourselves accordingly. Also while working in an industry, I am given a number of tasks and associated deadlines, which I have to accomplish by hook or by crook as failure in doing so can have a direct impact on my career and the work of the organisation. Thus, I am deve loping this employability skill by working in my industry and outside my coursework too (while carrying out my day-to-day tasks). References Cte.ed.gov. (2016). Developing Employability Skills | Employability Skills Framework. [online] Available at: https://cte.ed.gov/employabilityskills/index.php/developingskills/overview [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Youth Central. (2016). Employability Skills. [online] Available at: https://www.youthcentral.vic.gov.au/jobs-careers/planning-your-career/employability-skills [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Kent.ac.uk. (2016). How to develop employability skills. [online] Available at: https://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/sk/skillsdevelop.htm [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Teamwork. (n.d.). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-21. Available at: https://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/youth/softskills/teamwork.pdf [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016].

Ways of Strengthening Reinforced Concretes

How does the reinforced concrete become strong? Among the most celebrated writers on material strength and construction integrity, readers find Edward G. Nawy’s â€Å"Reinforced Concrete A Fundamental Approach† as an invaluable reference. In this discourse, Dr Nawy’s perspectives on structural engineering provide resourceful insightful, with regard to material strength involving reinforced concrete.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Ways of Strengthening Reinforced Concretes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main content of this discourse covers various techniques that Dr Nawy recommends for concrete reinforcement. Overall, the paper attempts to provide answers to the question on how concrete treated with reinforcement gains strength from the involved procedures. Ordinarily, concrete experiences tensile weakness and compression forces that make it necessary to introduce engineering tech niques to improve its stability (Nawy 2009, p.75). The element of tensile weakness in concrete originates from weight and loads on the structure, which necessitates reinforcement in concrete structures to offer resistance against tension. Information on the compression zone in beams assists the introduction of reinforcement across beam sections. Through the introduction of steel loads, structures acquire reinforcement through reduction of long-term deflections thereby vastly increasing structure efficiency. Ultimately, material qualities of the composite structure from concrete and steel reinforcement enable high resistance to tensile and compressive forces. Types of Reinforcement Steel and Crucial Properties of Reinforcing Steel The technique of concrete reinforcement employs various types of steel bars, certain types of strong wires and often the use of welded wire fabric to achieve the same results. Certain high ASTM construction standards and guidelines given to manufacturers en sure that the reinforcement material achieves the desired results. Some of the attributes observed in these materials include the following. Desired diameter and size for various bar types and wires Steel grade designation Ultimate strength, fu Yield strength, fy Young’s modulus, Es As illustrated in Figure 1 below, various modifications referred to as surface deformations enhance the surfaces of the bars for purposes of bonding between reinforcement material and concrete. Nawy (2009, p.76) reckons that the modification must attain such deformations as needed to comply with the requirements laid down in ASTM regulations. Advertising Looking for assessment on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig 1: Different types of reinforcement bars deformed to achieve ASTM approval How to Space and Cover the Steel Bars with Concrete In terms of covering the steel used for reinforcements, Nawy (2009, p.71) recommends tha t the concrete mixture must completely provide cover to the steel bars. Full covering facilitates protection of the bars from factors of corrosion that aggravate weaknesses in the structure, for instance in cases of fires. Nawy’s observation originates from the ACI Code. Regulation number 318 requires a thin layer of concrete cover over all the reinforcement steel bars to prevent corrosion from exposure. To achieve such results, the concrete mix must penetrate evenly and thoroughly through spaces around the steel bars. Key Elements of Reinforced Concrete As earlier stated, concrete alone cannot withstand all the tension stresses when subjected to heavy loads. As such, steel or RFP are some of the most commonly used concrete reinforcement materials to increase the strength of the structure and the ability to resist tension. The main components of a reinforced concrete include the floor slabs, columns, beams, foundations, and walls (Nawy 2009, p.79). Most buildings we see consi st of all these elements. The figures below show typical concrete reinforcement members. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Ways of Strengthening Reinforced Concretes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fig 2: Diagrammatic representation of key elements in reinforced concrete Explanation: Various Elements of Reinforced Concrete All the structural elements of a reinforced concrete are designed to achieve a given architectural and engineering functions. The effectiveness of a system, however, depends on how well it meets most user requirements in terms of cost, beauty and service. Below are members of a concrete structure. Floor slabs A floor slab forms the main horizontal elements of a concrete enforcement. Floor slabs play a vital role in transmitting loads to the vertical frames of a building structure. There are two types of floor slabs, namely, one-way and two-way ones. One-way reinforced concrete floor is t he one, which has flexural reinforcement, moving in one direction. Two-way reinforce concrete floor, on the other hand, transfers load in two perpendicular directions. Column A column is another essential element of a structure that supports the axial loads. In this regard, it assists in resisting axial and bending loads. In addition, it transfers load to the foundation of the building. Most columns have vertical orientation. Beams Beams, just like columns, play a vital role in a building. Beams assist in transferring tributary loads from floor slaps to the columns. Beams are commonly reinforced on the lower surface where tension is greatest. However, reinforcement may also be applied both, at the top and bottom surface. Wall A wall is one of the elements of an enforced concrete, which is usually vertical. It plays an important role of separating spaces in a structure. Unlike other members, any material can effectively make a wall as long as it conforms to the form and functional ne eds. Walls also help in resisting the stress caused by horizontal winds, and other influences induced by earthquakes. Foundation Foundation is one of the most salient elements of a building. Therefore, it needs a thorough reinforcement to ensure the achievement of the desirable strength that is capable of holding the entire structure. Foundations are of two types namely shallow foundations, which consist of mats and footings (Nawy 2009, p.80). The other is the deep foundations, which consist of drilled piers and piles.Advertising Looking for assessment on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Nawy, E. G 2009, Reinforced concrete: a fundamental approach. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. This assessment on Ways of Strengthening Reinforced Concretes was written and submitted by user Camilo Graves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about schendlers list

Essay about schendlers list Essay about schendlers list Scheduler’s list Released in 1993, scheduler’s is a film that tells the story of Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who saves the lives of over a thousand Polish Jews during the Holocaust in World War II. This film portrays many themes, all of which are evoked due to the factual historical event of the Jewish Holocaust which occurred in Germany during WWII. The exploration of the themes of hope, use and misuse of power, the nature of evil and courage makes this film prominent over others. Spielberg’s purpose in making this film was to raise awareness of the horror experienced by the victims during this era and to inspire today’s and future generations to understand the impact of such prejudice. Question The film ‘Schindler’s List’, directed by Steven Spielberg and based on the novel Schindler’s Ark, by Thomas Kennelly, gives us an insight into the corruption and destructive capabilities of humans. This film portrays many themes, all of which are evoked due to the factual historical event of the Jewish Holocaust which occurred in Germany during WWII. The exploration of the themes of hope, use and misuse of power, the nature of evil and courage makes this film prominent over others. Spielberg’s purpose in making this film was to raise awareness of the horror experienced by the victims during this era and to inspire todays and future generations to understand the impact of, and end, such prejudice. As such, we are presented a human story, the subject matter of which

Definition and Examples of Semantic Satiation

Definition and Examples of Semantic Satiation Definition Semantic satiation is a phenomenon whereby the uninterrupted repetition of a word eventually leads to a sense that the word has lost its meaning. This effect is also known as  semantic saturation or verbal satiation. The concept of semantic satiation was described by E. Severance and M.F. Washburn in The American Journal of Psychology in 1907. The term was introduced by psychologists Leon James and Wallace E. Lambert in the article Semantic Satiation Among Bilinguals in the Journal of Experimental Psychology (1961). For most people, the way theyve experience semantic satiation is in a playful context: deliberately repeating a single word over and over again just to get to that sensation when  it stops feeling like an actual word. However, this phenomenon can appear in more subtle ways. For instance, writing teachers will often insist that students use repeated words with care, not just because it demonstrates a better vocabulary  and a more eloquent style,  but to avoid the loss of significance. Overuse of strong words, such as words with intense connotations or profanity, can also fall victim to semantic satiation and lose their intensity.   See Examples and Observations below. For related concepts, also see: BleachingEpimoneGrammatical Oddities That You Probably Never Heard About in SchoolPronunciationSemantics Examples and Observations I began to indulge in the wildest fancies as I lay there in the dark, such as that there was no such town, and even that there was no such state as New Jersey. I fell to repeating the word Jersey over and over again, until it became idiotic and meaningless. If you have ever lain awake at night and repeated one word over and over, thousands and millions and hundreds of thousands of millions of times, you know the disturbing mental state you can get into.(James Thurber, My Life and Hard Times, 1933)Have you ever tried the experiment of saying some plain word, such as dog, thirty times? By the thirtieth time it has become a word like snark or pobble. It does not become tame, it becomes wild, by repetition.(G.K. Chesterton, The Telegraph Poles. Alarms and Discursions, 1910)A Closed LoopIf we pronounce a word over and over again, rapidly and without pause, then the word is felt to lose meaning. Take any word, say, CHIMNEY. Say it repeatedly and in rapid succession. Within some seconds, th e word loses meaning. This loss is referred to as semantic satiation. What seems to happen is that the word forms a kind of closed loop with itself. One utterance leads into a second utterance of the same word, this leads into a third, and so on. . . . [A]fter repeated pronunciation, this meaningful continuation of the word is blocked since, now, the word leads only to its own recurrence.(I.M.L. Hunter, Memory, rev. ed. Penguin, 1964) The MetaphorSemantic satiation is a metaphor of sorts, of course, as if neurons are little creatures to be filled up with the word until their little bellies are full, they are sated and want no more. Even single neurons habituate; that is, they stop firing to a repetitive pattern of stimulation. But semantic satiation affects our conscious experience, not just individual neurons.(Bernard J. Baars, In the Theater of Consciousness: The Workspace of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 1997)Disconnection of Signifier and Signified- If you stare continuously at a word (alternatively, listen to it over and over), the signifier and signified eventually appear to fall apart. The aim of the exercise is not to alter vision or hearing but to disrupt the internal organization of the sign. . . . You continue to see the letters but they no longer make the word; it, as such, has vanished. The phenomenon is called semantic satiation (first identified by Severance Washburn 1907), or loss of the sign ified concept from the signifier (visual or acoustic).(David McNeill, Gesture and Thought. University of Chicago Press, 2005)- [B]y saying a word, even a significant one, over and over again . . . you will find that the word has been transformed into a meaningless sound, as repetition drains it of its symbolic value. Any male who has served in, let us say, the United States Army or spent time in a college dormitory has had this experience with what are called obscene words . . .. Words that you have been taught not to use and that normally evoke an embarrassed or disconcerted response, when used too often, are stripped of their power to shock, to embarrass, to call attention to a special frame of mind. They become only sounds, not symbols.(Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) OrphanWhy has my fathers death left me feeling so alone, when he hasnt been a part of my life in seventeen years? Im an orphan. I repeat the word out loud, over and over again, listening to it bounce off the walls of my childhood bedroom until it makes no sense.Loneliness is the theme, and I play it like a symphony, in endless variations.(Jonathan Tropper, The Book of Joe. Random House, 2004)Boswell on the Effects of Intense Inquiry (1782)Words, the representations, or rather signs of ideas and notions in the human race, though habitual to all of us, are, when abstractly considered, exceedingly wonderful; in so much, that by endeavouring to think of them with a spirit of intense inquiry, I have been affected even with giddiness and a kind of stupor, the consequence of having ones faculties stretched in vain. I suppose this has been experienced by many of my readers, who in a fit of musing, have tried to trace the connection between a word of ordinary use and its meaning, repeating th e word over and over again, and still starting in a kind of foolish amazement, as if listening for information from some secret power in the mind itself.(James Boswell [The Hypochondriack], On Words. The London Magazine, or, Gentlemans Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 51, February 1782)

Expression of power in art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Expression of power in art - Essay Example A great deal of information about the Egyptian culture and religion can be gained from the pyramids. The most obvious function of the pyramids was to serve as funerary complexes for the pharaohs whose bodies were preserved and kept here with the provisions needed for their afterlife. The pyramids served as the ceremonial cites and places of worship where the people worship the deceased king as God. In the Egyptian culture since the king was considered God, the line between politics and religion was very thin. Pharaohs used the beliefs of the people on their godhood to command unquestioned obedience and authority. The Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, was built between 2630-2611 BCE. The shape of the pyramid with the slopes on the four sides protruding inward into structures that are raised toward the highest point representing the Pharaoh, also shows how pharaohs were deified. These pyramids give us an understanding of the political and cultural structu re of the kingdoms where the pharaoh was the single authority over the people and the affairs of the kingdom. The religion of the Egyptians centered on sun worship and their preoccupation with death and afterlife. Numerous symbolisms found in Egyptian art and hieroglyphics found on these pyramids points towards this idea. Egyptian art abounds with symbolism. The pharaoh's regalia symbolize power and his ability to control his environment. Colours also had special significance. While blue represented the river Nile, red represented power and authority and yellow represents the sun. These colors were used to show the pharaohs as all-powerful kings. Roman art and architecture has a lot of value while studying the expression of power and authority through the medium of art. The Romans ruled a vast and diverse group of people of different cultures, languages and dialects. The best means to demonstrate their power to the masses and the other rulers was the use of art. In specific we will discuss the Trajan's column erected between 106 and 113 AD by Roman emperor Trajan. This monument is an overt statement about his conquests and military power. The historical episodes are depicted in a sweeping narrative running around the huge column. Trajan is depicted many times in many different contexts, but his form is always majestic and larger than life. The narrative is the story of his courage, accomplishments and power. One can see very clearly that his images are carved with this purpose in mind. The details of the clothes, armor and shields of both armies are clearly distinguished and Trajan is depicted as the victor in no unclear term s. The fact that the enemies are not stripped of their dignity shows the way Trajan wanted to be portrayed as a good king throughout his empire. The expression of power is part and parcel of most Islamic monuments and forts. The gilt domes of the worship places are symbols of not only the holy place but also the rich kings and patrons who have been instrumental in building them. In a culture in which religion and state functioned together, complementing the growth of each other, it was only natural that their art had both religious and political connotations. The decorations on these buildings comprise a wide array of symbols depicting power. The high and mighty towers with huge gates and winding walls are also an expression of the military and defense might of the rulers. One of the best preserved sites

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Analysis - Essay Example It is not possible to claim that one is right in doing such things in a certain way e.g. committing adultery at the right time and with the right woman. He argues that for such cowardly and unjust actions, there is no mean because what is seen to be intermediate is in fact extreme. When such actions are done, they are wrong. The reasons given by Aristotle clearly support the thesis. He shows that the choice of an action lying between good and bad is itself a bad action since it is not possible to do a bad thing in the right way. What is seen to be an intermediate or midpoint is itself a bad choice. The reasons given are plausible because the fact that a bad action is being undertaken, it remains to be bad regardless of where and how such actions are committed. For instance, there is no way of good way of being a murderer or adulterous. In real life, this passage plays an important in real life since it emphasizes on the importance of choosing the right action when faced with the choices of bad and evil. For example, the mid-point between non-murder and murder is not the right choice. The right choice in this case is non-murder. Therefore, there is no good deed that lies between bad and good. It will remain to be

Psychodynamic Counselling Concept Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Counselling Concept Essay In this essay I mainly discuss the theory and concepts behind psychodynamic counselling, followed by brief discussions of the practice and skills involved in working as a psychodynamic counsellor, and the client’s experience of counselling. Theory/concepts Psychodynamic counselling is mainly concerned with unconscious processes; it takes for granted that humans possess a largely unconscious inner world. Freud argued that while the conscious mind is governed by logic, the unconscious mind is not, and functions in a very literal way, motivated only to experience pleasure, unable to delay gratification. Although Psychodynamic counselling works with the conscious mind, it mainly focuses on unconscious processes. We have key figures in our lives – e.g. parents, carers, and partners are referred to as ‘objects’, and relationships with them termed ‘object relationships’. The phrase ‘object’ refers to the Freudian concept of the target, or object of the instinct. Object relationships embody not only actual relationships but also the ways that the conscious mind distorts them. The unconscious is viewed as dynamic and purposeful, having huge impact on emotions and behaviour. Psychodynamic theory posits that humans are driven by a need to remain unaware of uncomfortable truths that emerge from the unconscious, experiencing many conflicting needs and demands, e.g. between one’s own wishes and those of others. To deal with conflicts people develop ‘defences’, these include ‘repression’, a form of forgetting, ‘denial’, claiming that something is not upsetting when really it is, and ‘rationalisation’, where a story is created to account for that which feels uncomfortable. ‘Projection’ involves attributing to others characteristics unacceptable to the self, making assumptions about them based on the need to avoid threat. Psychodynamic counselling encourages the client to recognise and accept the troubling attribute, a process called ‘reintrojection’. To engage in projection a defence mechanism called, ‘splitting’, is used when one is finding it too  threatening to accept two opposing traits, such as being capable of both love and hate. It is natural to develop defences, but problems come with their overuse, e.g. using denial so often that problems are not faced. Applying defences too rigidly causes difficulties, and it’s when they start to disintegrate that individuals might seek counselling. Psychodynamic counselling holds that psychological symptoms emerge from the inner world. e.g., developmental problems or conflict may lead to anxiety or self-harm. The psychodynamic approach seeks to address these issues at their roots, as well as alleviating symptoms. Psychodynamic counselling is based on developmental theory, and asserts that childhood experiences affect adult personality. It is understood that episodic memory is physically unavailable to children under three, but that implicit memory and body memory function from an earlier age. Neuroscience now supports the concept that early emotional experiences influence brain development; the psychodynamic approach posits that the client-counsellor relationship is crucial to the process of change. This is considered in terms of three concepts, the first being transference: â€Å"All those impulses experienced by the patient in relation with the analyst which are not newly created by the objective analytic situation but have their source in early – indeed, the very earliest – object relations†. The counsellor may become aware of feelings in him/herself indicating issues that the client is unable to express; this is ‘counter transference’. The ‘real relationship’ is that which is free of the previous two dynamics. Within the client-counsellor relationship, elements of the client’s inner world can be revealed and become available for healing (Howard, 2011, p.22-25) Practice/skills Psychodynamic counselling employs a number of basic skills that are common to other approaches. It shares the core values of the Rogerian approach: empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. The ability to listen is of course crucial. Summarising and reflecting back to the client what s/he has said are necessary skills, as well as being able to say things that the client will find difficult to hear. The following are skills specific to Psychodynamic counselling; Gaining informed consent involves informing the client of the nature, risks and benefits of counselling at the appropriate time; not so soon as to scare him/her away, but in good time. For this purpose it is advisable for the counsellor to be aware of when the assessment phase is concluding, as this is the best time to invite informed consent. The counsellor’s attention to the client is one element that facilitates change. The counsellor must alternate between close listening to the client and attention to how s/he will respond, alert to transference and counter transference. To be aware of both the conscious and unconscious elements of the client’s communication, the counsellor must practice ‘evenly suspended attention’. The counsellor must listen to unconscious communication as well as the explicit information the client is presenting. This includes being able to consider why the client is behaving and speaking as they are, linking this to issues arising in transference, and being able to raise such issues with the client. The counsellor will also make interpretations based on ‘extra transference’ – grasping connections between events, thoughts and behaviour unrelated to the client-counsellor relationship. The client’s experience Initially a client experiences the formal behaviour of the counsellor, sessions have boundaries of time, space, and confidentiality and these factors contribute to a sense of safety and predictability. The client should come to feel ‘held’ by the counselling experience, enabling him/her to feel able to explore painful issues and memories: â€Å"a safe space to lower one’s defences, be vulnerable and be held together.† Receiving a counsellor’s undivided attention contributes to this; Dibs In Search of Self illustrates an emotionally deprived child’s first experiences of undivided and non-judgemental attention, enabling him to blossom in self-discovery. A client goes through a process of developing informed consent, the transference relationship begins once enough trust is established, as it may be experienced as threatening. The client develops an attachment to the counsellor as someone who can help and care for them, and thus may become fearful both of their own needs and of being let down .The ending of the relationship can be painful for the client, and the counsellor should allow plenty of time to deal with issues around this. In conclusion, psychodynamic counselling functions to bring to awareness of the unconscious processes that govern the client’s inner life. A variety of practices are employed in order to supply a client with a sense of security as well as a source of challenge in order to facilitate positive change. References AXLINE, V. M., 1990. Dibs, In Search of Self. London: Penguin FREUD, A., 1937. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. London: Hogarth HOWARD, S., 2011. Psychodynamic Counselling in a Nutshell. 2nd edition. London: Sage. HOWE, D., 1993. On Being a Client. London: Sage

Personal Goals :: essays research papers

As a student at the University of Phoenix three personal goals that I want to achieve are, first is to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years. Next is to become a better writer. Throughout junior college, writing has always been my weakest point and with the amount of writing assignments required at University of Phoenix this needs to be one of my top goals. Finally is to complete every course with no less than a B letter grade. With making the decision to return to school and taking on the considerable financial burden, receiving an average grade would be unacceptable to my standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While being employed full-time, The University of Phoenix has the rare opportunity for working professionals to finish courses in just 5 weeks. Having such a compressed time schedule for completing degrees will make it possible to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years as long as I do not deviate from the program. I have decided that my number one priority in life is to complete my degree. I do not have other major commitments outside of work that will distract me from my assignments so staying focused on school will be realistic. Though I cannot predict the future, I do not plan on taking any time off during the two years that would result in interrupting my class schedule. With the option of taking CLEP test this will allow me to â€Å"test out† of some of the lower-division courses such as communication arts and humanities. Although this will require additional studying outside of my upper-division courses the CLEP test can hel p eliminate additional courses needed to be taken, so I can stay on track of my 2 year goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing papers has never been my strongest asset throughout school. I always found myself only writing what was required of me but never trying to improve my writing skills on my own time. In junior college the majority of my classes were math and science with a major in Administration of Justice. The only writing that I had to do was case briefs, which was based on legal research, which did not require any creativity, brainstorming and writing skills, just citing the facts and decisions in a proper format. To become a better writer it will take self-discipline and dedication. Because writing is my weakest point, submitting quality papers will require the most amount of my time by doing research and proofreading. Personal Goals :: essays research papers As a student at the University of Phoenix three personal goals that I want to achieve are, first is to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years. Next is to become a better writer. Throughout junior college, writing has always been my weakest point and with the amount of writing assignments required at University of Phoenix this needs to be one of my top goals. Finally is to complete every course with no less than a B letter grade. With making the decision to return to school and taking on the considerable financial burden, receiving an average grade would be unacceptable to my standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While being employed full-time, The University of Phoenix has the rare opportunity for working professionals to finish courses in just 5 weeks. Having such a compressed time schedule for completing degrees will make it possible to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years as long as I do not deviate from the program. I have decided that my number one priority in life is to complete my degree. I do not have other major commitments outside of work that will distract me from my assignments so staying focused on school will be realistic. Though I cannot predict the future, I do not plan on taking any time off during the two years that would result in interrupting my class schedule. With the option of taking CLEP test this will allow me to â€Å"test out† of some of the lower-division courses such as communication arts and humanities. Although this will require additional studying outside of my upper-division courses the CLEP test can hel p eliminate additional courses needed to be taken, so I can stay on track of my 2 year goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing papers has never been my strongest asset throughout school. I always found myself only writing what was required of me but never trying to improve my writing skills on my own time. In junior college the majority of my classes were math and science with a major in Administration of Justice. The only writing that I had to do was case briefs, which was based on legal research, which did not require any creativity, brainstorming and writing skills, just citing the facts and decisions in a proper format. To become a better writer it will take self-discipline and dedication. Because writing is my weakest point, submitting quality papers will require the most amount of my time by doing research and proofreading.

Assess the Argument That Modern Childhood Is a ‘March of Progress‘

The march of progress, traditionally depicting a compressed presentation of 25 million years of human evolution, can be applied to sociologists view on childhood- is it ‘evolving’ for the better? The ‘March of progress’ view argues that, over the past few centuries, childhood in western societies has been improving steadily, and is even better than ever today. We can then go onto say that the ‘march of progress’ evidently paints a bad picture of the past; as Lloyd De Mause puts it- â€Å"The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only begun to awaken. The further back in history one goes, the lower the level of childcare, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorised and sexually abused. † Writers like Aries and Shorter look on from this dark past, and hold to the belief that children are more valued, better cared for, protected & educated, enjoy better health and have a lot more rights than previous generations. On the other hand, certain sociologists would disagree with this; for example, Sue Palmers. Her view uplifts the concept of â€Å"The Five Finger Exercise†; the belief that ‘language, love, education, play & discipline’ are what children crucially need for healthy development. In her opinion, children in the UK today are going through, what she calls, ‘toxic childhood’- in the past 25 years, children’s physical, emotional and academic development have been effected and damaged by rapid technological and cultural changes. These ‘changes’ include emphasis on testing in education, computer games, junk food, intensive marketing on children, even the long hours parents work. All of these factors (which weren’t as dominant in society, in the past) have negative effects i. e. an increase in child obesity. Neil Postman has a similar negative opinion on childhood- he stated that childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’. In contrast to Palmers opinion that children are being affected by rapid technological and cultural changes, Postman believes the disappearance of childhood is down to young people being given the same rights as adults. Similarities in the way children and adults dress, the decrease of traditional unsupervised games, ven rare cases of children committing ‘adults crimes’, such as murder. Also, as education intensifies, young people will be able to enter the adult world at an earlier age, rapidly increasing the disappearance of childhood. Though Iona Opie argues that this is not true that childhood is not disappearing; she believes there is still evidence that childhood culture exists, based on a lifetime of research into children’s games, rhymes and songs (led by herself and her husband, Peter Opie). Contradictory to Postman’s findings, Opie came to the conclusion that children can, and do, create their own independent culture which is separate from that of adults. Child liberations argue against both Palmers and Postman- they argue that western ideas of childhood are being globalised (far from disappearing). International humanitarian and welfare agencies have imposed western norms on the world, of what childhood should be- a separate life stage, based in the nuclear family and school, where children are innocent, dependant & vulnerable and have no economic role. Therefore, childhood is far from disappearing, but western notions are simply being globalised. For example, anti child labour campaigns, or concerns about ‘street children’ in less economically developed countries, reflect western ideas of what childhood is ‘ought’ to be like. Though this kind of activity could be the norm for children in that specific culture; possibly important preparation for adult life in their society. So in this view, childhood isn’t ‘disappearing’, but it is spreading across the world.

Benefits of security awareness training

Security in information systems training has come to be one of the most needed requirements in an organization. As Acquisti (2008) explains, in today’s fast moving and technically fragile environment safe communication systems are required to be secure in order to benefit both the company and the society as a whole. This fact needs to be clearly highlighted so that adequate measures be implemented not only to fosters the organization’s daily business transactions but also ensure that the much needed security procedures are implemented within the accepted companies code of ethics and thorough training given.Think of a case where company’s data is exposed to malicious attacker, this situation is constantly increasing especially among the security illiterate staff having access to sensitive and secretes business information. This information can be like sensitive company’s data, browsing the company’s website through an insecure gateway, receiving emai ls from suspicious sources and the threat posed by Instant messaging (IM). This paper aims at giving a critical review on the benefits of security awareness training on IT systems to an organization.Provide better protection for assets We need to help employees identify potential threats since this is one of the most valuable technical advantages a society can get (Brancik, 2008). We need to provide updated information to our staff on the new security risks that have been discovered. The staffs need also to be updated on the current technology so that they easily are aware of security breaches within the e-commerce environment.Furthermore employees, Brancik, (2008) asserts, business partners, and contractors should be informed that the data on their mobile phone devices and computers portable document format (PDFs), smart phones and thumb drives though are devices that are of value are vulnerable to security breaches so that they are alert whenever a security threat is discovered wi thin their systems. This can enhance swift action to be taken by the IT professionals to cap the situation. Save moneyAccording to Pfleeger and Pfleeger (2007), to reduce the number and extend in security breaches then training is vital. If a security breach is discovered sooner then ways of dealing with it promptly can be devised. , cost to notify customers of breaches, Cost to recovering data altered or lost during an a security breach, non-compliance fines and lost productivity, lost customers(indirect costs), resolving breaches and hoaxes ,time spent investigating) will reduce.These enables control measures to be added into systems other than adding them into the system that has been installed. Coordination and measuring of all security awareness, education, training should be enhances while duplication of effort is reduced (Pfleeger and Pfleeger, 2007). Improving the Competitive Advantage of your organization and protection of its brand One of the factors in the world of commer ce that is focused on by almost all companies is the ability to gain a competitive edge over similar companies.As explained by Killmeyer (2006) customers should be informed that your organization is considerate in protecting their data. Take a situation where Barclays Bank received when the management decided to protect customers installing ATMs that hides the users’ identity from its printout transaction receipt, if a malicious user were to gain access to unprotected receipt (having users identity and password) what harm will he do to customers’ account?

Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Essays

Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Essays Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Paper Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Paper Essay Topic: Leviathan Throughout our study of political theory this semester there seems to be a recurring theme prevalent in each of the readings, that being an attempt to explain and characterize human nature. The concept of human nature relies on the idea that there is an innate set of characteristics shared by all humans which explain the way people act, feel, or even think. As a political scientist, its important to question what causes these characteristics to exist, if at all, as they are of great importance when trying to understand the vast political structure and all of the underlying factors which allow politics to function. I would also argue that the understanding of the concept of human nature is also crucial when discussing the realm of human society, as the idea of human nature provides the standard for how people can functionally coexist with one another while also determining whether or not an individual has lead a good life or not. Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli provide the best accounts of true human nature, as both men suggest that humans, by nature, are corrupt, self-interested, and are destined to destroy themselves and the people around them in an attempt to achieve their own desires, ideas which one can still see practiced in modern day capitalism. In his writing of Leviathan, Hobbes describes the individual human as a highly sophisticated machine, in which all of the inner-workings described as mechanical functions (Leviathan, p. 9). Hobbes relation of a human to a machine provides the jumping off point for his belief regarding what drives human actions. Hobbes claims that certain appetites or desires come about in the human experience and that these desires must be dealt with, and that each individual will choose to act upon these appetites in an effort to achieve their own self-preservation (Leviathan, p. 39). This view that it is human nature to act upon the desires which are most prevalent in our lives raises the idea that humans are innately self-interested, if not selfish. Hobbes acknowledges that the natural human inclination to act independently of one another while promoting self-interests results in a perpetual state of war through which men will attempt to conquer one another to achieve personal desires (Leviathan, p. 88-89). The state of war proposed by Hobbes results in a way of life that is solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short (Leviathan, p.89). The self-interested behavior that humans innately exhibit according to Hobbes, seems to draw a direct modern day parallel to the actions undertaken by many in Americas current capitalistic economic system, an issue which I will tackle farther along in my paper, but now I will turn to another cynic of human nature, Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli, perhaps even more so than Hobbes, had a very pessimistic view regarding human nature which is quite relevant throughout the numerous chapters of The Prince. For one can say this generally of men: that they are ungrateful, fickle, pretenders and dissemblers, evaders of danger, eager for gain. While you do them good, they are yours, offering you their blood, property, lives, and children when the need for them is far away; but, when it is close to you, they revolt. (The Prince, p. 66) Here Machiavelli provides an obviously destructive criticism of human nature, in that men innately are beings that will turn on one another at the drop of a hat when things arent going the way they wish them to. The statement that men are also eager for gain is also very telling in that Machiavelli believes, similar to the thought process of Hobbes, that it is human nature to act in a self-interested manner, where all that really matters is individual prosperity rather than social well-being. Machiavelli continues his assault on the nature of men when stating, love is held by a chain of obligation, which, because men are wicked, is broken at every opportunity for their own utility (The Prince, p. 66). Machiavelli here makes several ascertations regarding human nature, some similar to the beliefs presented by his first quote. First that the affection and trustworthiness of men is constantly on a tipping scale, in affluent times men can be trusted and are capable of love towards others, whereas when harsh times befall men, then will act to deceive and revert back to their selfish nature in order to gain a leg up in society. In reference to the chain of obligation being broken, Machiavelli is stating that it is human nature for men to break the ties which bind them to certain obligations when they see fit, and the breaking of these bonds shows how untrustworthy human beings truly are. Machiavelli yet again questions the trustworthiness and the self-interests of human nature by stating and if all men were good, this teaching would not be good; but because they are wicked and do not observe faith with you.. (The Prince, p. 69). Machiavelli again postulates that by human nature men are wicked, and in this instance in referring to the fact that men cannot be trusted because they do not share the same desires that the Prince may have. The idea that due to human nature men cannot be trusted again rears its ugly head. Finally I present a fourth and final quote from Machiavelli in regards to his thoughts of human nature: Truly it is a very natural and ordinary thing to desire to acquire, and always, when men do it who can, they will be praised or not blamed; but when they cannot, and wish to do it anyway, here lie the error and the blame. (The Prince, p. 14-15) Machiavelli again takes aim at the innate human desire to acquire wealth and material possessions for himself, but also at those who attempt to obtain such things. Another idea presented here is that one aspect of human nature is to glorify those who can achieve their goals, while at the same time admonishing those who, for some circumstance, werent able to achieve a certain goal. This statement says a lot regarding human nature, in that through achievement of goals one might obtain some sort of power, and it is human nature to admire any form of power regardless of how it can about. Machiavellis opinion of human nature is one that is cynical and at times dreadful, but in referencing his beliefs to the modern day acts of those in America, I dont think he was far off. 1. ) Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan https://reserves. lib. ncsu. edu/reservesViewer. php? reserve=158326 Accessed 2/22/10 2. ) Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago, IL: The U of Chicago P, 1998. Print.

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students Time management is probably one of the most important skills for surviving and thriving in college - and in life. Its a wonder more schools dont include it as a class for freshmen. Juggling classes, labs, study time, work, exercise, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, parties, and sleep is a major challenge. These tips will help you create an organized life so you can succeed at everything you do! 1. Use a Planner Whether its an app or a plain old spiral notebook, a planner is essential for keeping track of your schedule. Dont make the mistake of telling yourself youll remember it all. Use only one system, and write down everything - including time to sleep and time to play! 2. Determine Your Priorities Speaking of sleep and play, some people need more of some activities than others. Effective time management depends on your bodys needs, your personal values, and your ability to prioritize. If you can get by on six hours of sleep, thats great. But if you know you need at least eight hours in order to function, dont even pretend that six will work. 3. Go to Class First of all, youre probably paying top dollar for those classes. Second, trying to make up for what you have missed almost always takes longer than the actual class would have. Borrowing notes and doubling up on assignments is a pain. So save yourself time and trouble and go. Go in your pajamas and shades if you have to. Just show up. And some instructors give attendance points, so why not maximize your grade just by breathing in the right room? 4. If At First You Dont Succeed†¦ If you try using a planner and it doesnt work for you, dont give up. Try something else. The cold, hard truth of modern adult life is that you have to get in the habit of scheduling your day. Theres just too much going on to wing it without missing something. Find the system that works for you. It doesnt have to be the hottest thing on the market. You might do better by downgrading your system to something simpler. 5. Leave Some Room Remember that you need time to commute between activities, use the bathroom, grab a drink, and so forth. Dont sandwich things so tightly that you have no room to breathe. Include time cushions between appointments as much as you can. Youll also want to block out large chunks of free time to accommodate those unexpected things, such as a midnight fast-food run or Game of Thrones or True Detective marathon. 6. Just Say No You cant do it all and expect to get good grades and graduate on time. Once in a while, youre going to have to turn down a party in favor of sleep, or a workout in favor of extra study time. Remember those priorities we talked about earlier? Write them down if you have to. Number them in order of importance. Then, when faced with two choices, youll easily know what to do. You may not always make the best choice, but most of the time, youll be able to stick to your guns. 7. Plan for Next Semester You can try to arrange next semesters class schedule to suit you better. If you spent most of the current semester hitting Snooze or skipping those 8 a.m. classes, do everything you can to avoid early morning courses. And if you ended up with weird chunks of time between classes that were too short to do anything productive, try to schedule next semesters courses back to back. Get them all out of the way, and then youll be left with larger chunks of time that are more flexible for your needs. Tell your advisor about your priorities, and he or she can help you work out an ideal class plan. Time management doesnt have to be a drag. Once you go through this list and get in the habit of planning, it will become second nature. And youre sure to see an improvement in your grades and your overall quality of life.

Operations Management and Supply Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management and Supply Chains - Essay Example This helps to minimize the unnecessary movements of the inventory within the work place which in turn lowers the cost of material handling. This will also eliminate the necessity of having a large space for storing inventory within the firm (CSCMP and Nada, 2014). To successfully lower the inventory as well as the lot size, the firm must always know what it has to produce, when it should produce and the quantity of the product it should produce. This in turn will depend on the demand of the product and a clear knowledge of the amount of raw materials and labor force required. Effective methods of forecasting the demand will help predict the quantity that consumers will need in the long term period. The availability of the required labor will eliminate the necessity of adjusting the operation hours all the time and avoids the possibility of stoppage of work due to inadequate labor. Upon achieving all these important factors then the firm can comfortably order the amount of inventory required for that given period only. For I know the plans I have for you,† says the lord. â€Å"They are plans for good and not for disaster, to give you a future and a hope (Jeremiah 29:11). Another means of lowering inventory and lot size is through proper process and product designs. Through proper designs in the process and the product means that there is less uncertainity in the production process that builds confidence in the workers and ensures that the consumers will accept the products. As a result, it will not be necessary for the firm to maintain additional inventory or lot size to cater for the uncertainties. In addition, good process design will ensure flexibility in the operations hence easy to adjust the system to respond to changes in customer demands and preferences (CSCMP and Nada, 2014). Lean production system aims at maximizing the value that is added by each

2 Minute Monologue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 Minute Monologue - Essay Example Ultimately, this is not a simple t The first and most obvious step when preparing something in the kitchen is to ensure that all of the correct ingredients are on hand. Secondly, it is necessary to ensure that all baking utensils, pots, pans, mixing bowls, spoons, and other measurement instruments are also washed and ready for use (Peterson, 2006). Secondly, following the instructions and/or ingredient lists that are provided within the recipe is vital. Careful attention to detail at each and every stage can yield a far better cake than can merely quickly reading over the instructions and attempting to cut steps out at any one stage as a function of saving time. Thirdly, it must also be understood that the baking process itself is something of an art form and can differ from oven into oven. For instance, if the instructions specify a particular temperature, the results might be far different than one of them then they would be in another; even if these ovens are identical and even manufactured by the same brand. In s uch a way, approximately 10 to 15 minutes prior to the specified time being over, it is necessary for the baker/cook to test the product to ensure that uniformity of texture and mass is achieved. Oftentimes, if this is noted prior to the full time elapsed, it is necessary to remove the baked product immediately. Comparatively, if this is not noticed even after the recipe time has elapsed, it will be necessary to leave the product in the oven to bake for an even longer period of time. In short, what has been defined is a labor-intensive process involves both attention to detail and constant conscientiousness in order for a superior product to be created. Ultimately, this is not a simple process; even though it may appear as somewhat simple. It is precisely these determinants, as well as the unique tools required, which helps to separate the part-time/casual baker from

Development of an Assessment Plan for the Howard Univ College of Article

Development of an Assessment Plan for the Howard Univ College of Liberal Arts Undergraduate Program - Article Example The mission of the Howard University College of Liberal Arts is to provide its graduates with an education that is rooted in â€Å"Pursuit of knowledge, social justice, artistic expression and intellectual freedom† (Howard University, 2013). It seeks to foster creative and critical thinking in artistic and scholarly arenas. Furthermore, it intends on providing solutions to human and social problems. Nurturing cultural diversity is part of its mission. The College intends on building responsibility towards the global community. The assessment plan will dwell on measurement of critical thinking and oral and written communication skills. Since critical thinking has been mentioned as one of the goals in the Liberal Arts College, then the analysis will openly indicate whether this goal is being achieved. Measurement of written and oral communication skills will assist in artistic expression as well as creativity, which are all cited in the College’s mission. They will contri bute towards achievement of the knowledge, intellectual freedom and social justice goals, as well. ... Technical correctness is not such a valuable trait, and using curriculum-specific tests would reinforce it. Instead of such an approach, students need to be tested on their ability to inquire and question various situations. Critical thinking, oral and written communication skills are the parameters that are most relevant to rational inquiry. 2. Tools and Instruments for assessment i) CLA CLA (Collegiate Learning Assessment) is designed to measure a range of tertiary competencies that include problem solving, written communication competencies, analytic reasoning and critical thinking. The measurement of such broad abilities makes the assessment applicable to almost all types of colleges. Furthermore, the measures cut across different disciplines. One should note that this is not an assessment of intellect or any content abilities. The test is designed in such a way that it gives students holistic tasks to which they must respond. Some of the tasks may focus on written communication while others dwell on work sample performance. Usually, those questions come from real-world scenarios such as education, policy and daily work practice. The concerned students must employ analytic and critical thinking skills in the situation. They must them communicate these decisions in proper written English and then justify their choices (Hatfield, 2009). Usually, the test is administered online and the responses to the essay-type questions will be scored online through particular software. Humans need to participate in marking the performance- type questions. However, they must have undergone thorough training so as to grade the answers on the basis of certain standards. An example of a task is the argument type assignment, which asks

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are made of two or more fused aromatic rings, where PAHs with two or three rings have low molecular weight and acute toxicity whereas PAHs with high molecular weight (4 or more rings) have shown high carcinogenic potential. These compounds are often products of incomplete combustion reactions where there is a lack of oxygen, there are two types of PAH; natural and anthropogenic which can be found in many different kinds of samples . However, the ratio of natural processes to anthropogenic processes is very low. PAHs can form due to a variety of anthropogenic sources the main one is believed to be atmospheric decomposition, other sources include thermal combustion processes, vehicular emissions and biomass burning [3]. PAHs caused from incomplete combustion reactions reach the sea via the atmosphere and rivers . Due to the causes listed above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other agencies formed regulations for the detection and monitoring of PAHs in the human environment, with new analytical methods being produced with better sensitivity and selectivity . Overall the EPA has selected sixteen PAHs as priority pollutants [4]. To verify different PAHs in seawater is difficult as the overall solubility of PAHs in water is low, and continues to decrease as molecular weight increases, the low solubility in turn effects the hydrophobic nature (between 3 and 8) and therefore the concentration of PAHs dissolved in seawater is very low . There are a variety of methods used to analyse the PAHs in seawater and other types of water. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the most widely used analytical technique in analysing PAHs in seawater samples; in this document HPLC will be discussed along with other analytical methods such as Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). This document focuses on data and results from the following papers: â€Å"Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following micelle-mediated preconcentration† V. Pino et al. â€Å"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Sediment of the Baltic Sea† â€Å"GC-MS Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater Samples after the North CapeOil Spill† Christopher M. Reddy and James G. Quinn Each paper will be individually introduced and the sample preparation, analytical method and any results significant to the separation will be discussed. The methods will then be compared, giving the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. â€Å"Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following micelle-mediated preconcentration† V. Pino et al. This paper looked at how non-ionic surfactant polyoxyethylene-10-lauryl ether (POLE) can be used for extraction of PAHs in seawater and compared cloud-point extraction (CPE)-HPLC and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)-GC-MS. Sample Preparation The sample was prepared by shaking fuel-oil with natural seawater for one hour, and then allowed to settle and age overnight, until phase separation. The aqueous layer was removed and mixed with POLE until a final solution of 1% (w/v) was reached in the surfactant. Following this 3.0 ml of aliquots in the presence of the 1% surfactant solution dissolved in artificial seawater were administered to CPE. In order to test the reliability of the method used for preconcentration and separation of PAHs, the PAHs were analysed from spiked and un-spiked seawater samples. The method was evaluated by using LLE and GC-MS, overall determination was processed using the mass values which related to the molecular ions of the different PAHs . Analysis Once the two phases had been separated, 25 ÃŽ ¼l of the surfactant-rich phase was injected into the system. The HPLC method used in this instance to determine and separate the PAHs consisted of gradient elution with a fluorescence detector. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and water with a linear gradient from 55 to 100% acetonitrile for 30 minutes and 100% acetonitrile for 10 minutes. The column used for the analysis was a reversed phase C18 column (Table 1) with a ÃŽ ¼Bondapak C18 guard column. Table 1: Vydac 201TP54 Reversed Phase C18Column Column length x internal diameter / mm 250 x 4.6 Particle size / ÃŽ ¼m 5 Pore size / Ã… 300 A flow rate of 1 ml / minute was used to elute the compounds. Results Each PAH gave an acceptable retention time with a relative standard deviation between 0.64 and 0.83%. The seawater contaminated with fuel-oil were analysed by both CPE-HPLC and LLE-GC-MS (Table 3). As can be seen the PAHs with fewer aromatic rings have similar results with both techniques where as the PAHs with more aromatic rings are different this could be due to the lower sensitivity in GC-MS. â€Å"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Sediment of the Baltic Sea† G.Witt During the years 1992 to 1994, 15 PAHs were analysed in seawater from the Baltic Sea during the different seasons. The method used is based on HPLC with fluorescence detection. Sample Preparation 156 seawater samples were collected from various depths, surface water (2-15m), bottom water (below the halocline) and surface micro layer (0-0.2 cm). The PAHs from the samples were separated and extracted via a HPLC column; three fractions were obtained using 9 ml pentane, 9 ml pentane/10% dichloromethane and 9 ml acetone as the eluents. The PAHs were contained into the second fraction and was evaporated down to 500 ÃŽ ¼l. Analysis The HPLC column used to separate the sample in to fractions was a MERCK LiChrospher Si 100-5 (Table 4) Table 4: MERCK LiChrospher Si 100-5 Column length x internal diameter / mm 250 x 4 Particle size / ÃŽ ¼l 5 Pore diameter / Ã… 60 Matrix Silica gel The column used in the analysis of the PAHs was a GROM PAH using gradient elution (Table 5). Table 5: GROM PAH Column length x internal diameter / mm 250 x 4 Eluents A) Water B) CAN Flow rate / ml min-1 1 Temperature /  °C 20 A fluorescence detector was used, along with a wavelength programme for optimal detection of all PAHs (Table 6). From the 16 PAHs listed as priority pollutants, acenaphthylene was the only one not detected as it does not show fluorescence activity. Results It was seen that there were a greater amount of lower molecular weight PAHs varying in concentration from 1 to 4.5 ng/L-1 in relation to higher molecular weight PAHs which remained below ng/L-1. The concentration of PAHs in different seasons was also compared, it was seen that autumn had the highest concentration this maybe because of low microbial degradation and photo-oxidation during the season; and summer had the lowest. During the winter months, the temperature of seawater is low which inhibits the microbial degradation of the PAHs. In spring the plankton are in abundance and thus cause a large amount of loose matter to be produced which may transfer the PAHs to the sea floor. This was mostly true for two/three ring PAHs, four to six rings however have a higher persistence to microbial degradation. The amount of PAHs in the surface micro layer was 2-13 times higher than that of the water below; this can be due to the atmospheric input . â€Å"GC-MS Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater Samples after the North CapeOil Spill† Christopher M. Reddy and James G. Quinn [6] GC-MS was used to measure PAHs in seawater samples after the North Cape oil spill. Sample Preparation The samples were spiked with internal standards which consisted of the following: 10 to 25 ÃŽ ¼g docosane and 2 ÃŽ ¼g each of naphthalene-d8, biphenyl-d10, acenaphthene-d10, anthracene-d10 and perylene-d12. After the samples were spiked they were shaken and extracted once with 100 ml methylene chloride and twice more with 100 ml of hexane. The organic extracts were then combined and rotary-evaporated to 1 ml while being solvent-exchanged into hexane. Following this the hexane extract was chromatographed and the first fraction (obtained by eluting with 20 ml of a 70/30 mixture of hexane/methylene chloride) containing the aromatic hydrocarbons was rotary-evaporated to a small volume (100 ÃŽ ¼l) and spiked with an external recovery standard (1.2 ÃŽ ¼g o-terphenyl in isooctane), and injected into the GC-MS detector. Analysis The PAHs were first extracted with methylene chloride and hexane and then fractionated via HPLC using silica gel. The analysis was done using a Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II GC with a Hewlett-Packard 5971 mass selective detector. After the sample was injected, the compounds were separated using a 30m JW Scientific DB-XLB fused silica-capillary column (Table 7). Table 7:JW Scientific DB-XLB fused silica-capillary column Column length x internal diameter / mm 30,000 x 0.25 Film thickness / ÃŽ ¼m 0.25 Temperature limit /  °C 340-360 According to the website [7] this column has low polarity and is excellent for PAHs. The oven was set at 70 °C for 1.5 minutes, then ramped to 320 °C at 10 °C per minute, and then held for a further 10 minutes. The detector was run in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode for ions that have an m/z of 50 to 550, PAHs usually range between 128 and 234 m/z. Results A total of 54 seawater samples were collected and analysed were collected between day 4 and day 132 after the North Cape oil spill, results from a week after the oil spill showed that there were high concentration of PAHs, with the total sum coming too 115 ÃŽ ¼g L-1, these are some of the highest values for a marine oil spill. The relative percentage deviations for duplicate samples for total PAHs came to The use of other GC detectors such as GC flame ionisation detector which is widely used may not be suitable for the detection of PAHs as often lower limits of detection are needed, which is why GC-MS would be used. Comparison of analytical methods The most popular technique for the separation and determination of PAHs is HPLC however; a disadvantage of this is that gradient elution must be used opposed to isocratic elution due to the samples complexity. Other factors include that HPLC is expensive, and that it requires large amounts of solvent especially when gradient elution is used. The paper by V. Pino et al. and the paper by G. Witt both used HPLC reversed phase column with a fluorescence detector, however Pino et al. used a surfactant with a low retention time (POLE) which allowed for the determination of PAHs which were more polar. In Figure 2 the compounds eluted between ~7 and 40 minutes using the above method; whereas the method used by Witt produced a chromatogram (Figure 3) which shows the products eluted between ~7 and 23 minutes. The difference in retention times shows that the method used by Witt was more useful. However, the samples of seawater used for analysis by each paper were from different sources, Pino et al. does not state where the seawater samples were taken, while Witt took the sample from the Baltic Sea. Pino et al. only extracted 14 PAHs but Witt extracted all 16 PAHs listed by the EPA. From the data listed in Tables 2 and 6 it can be seen that there are comparable results such as Phenanthrene which eluted in 13.9 minutes for Pino et al. and 12.2 minutes for Witt, the emission wavelengths measured were identical at 370 nm and that the excitation wavelength only differed by 2 nm between Pino (248 nm) and Witt (246 nm). Overall, the HPLC methods used by both papers shows that it is a reliable method for determining PAHs in seawater, a fluorescence detector was used as the filters select the excitation and emission wavelengths and it reduces the complexity of the chromatogram which provides orthogonal information. Even though HPLC seems the most popular technique GC-MS is being used to analyse the PAHs after they have been separated by HPLC. This change could be because GC is faster than HPLC and that with a mass spectrometer (MS) detector it is possible to combine detection, quantification and identification. GC-MS is especially good for complex mixtures such as seawater where several analytes have similar retention times.

education quality :: essays research papers

Why focus on quality? Although some of the international treaties, by specifying the need to provide education on human rights, reproductive health, sports and gender awareness, touched on educational quality,2 they were generally silent about how well education systems could and should be expected to perform in meeting these objectives. This remained true as recently as 2000, when the United Nations Millennium Declaration’s commitment to achieve UPE by 2015 was directly and simply set out without explicit reference to quality (see Box 1.1). Thus, in placing the emphasis upon assuring access for all, these instruments mainly focused on the quantitative aspects of education policy. It seems highly likely, however, that the achievement of universal participation in education will be fundamentally dependent upon the quality of education available. For example, how well pupils are taught and how much they learn, can have a crucial impact on how long they stay in school and how regularly they attend. Furthermore, whether parents send their children to school at all is likely to depend on judgements they make about the quality of teaching and learning provided – upon whether attending school is worth the time and cost for their children and for themselves. The instrumental roles of schooling – helping individuals achieve their own economic and social and cultural objectives and helping society to be better protected, better served by its leaders and more equitable in important ways – will be strengthened if education is of higher quality.3 Schooling helps children develop creatively and emotionally and acquire the skills, knowledge, values and attitudes necessary for responsible, active and productive citizenship. How well education achieves these outcomes

Ethical Issue in Bay Area Rapid Transit

The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) case opened the eyes of engineers about engineering ethics in the United States. The Bay Area Rapid Transit began its operations in 1972 and served three counties in San Francisco Bay area. Months before the start of operation, three engineers pointed out the deficiencies in the control systems’ design and construction.The engineers were Holger Hjortsvang, who worked in the Automated Train Control System (ATC), and Max Blankenzee, a programmer analyst who worked for Hjortsvang.Hjortsvang, a systems engineer, noticed that BART lacked a systems engineering group to supervise the â€Å"development of control and propulsion systems† (Book Rags, 2006). They reported it to their manager, but he rejected it. At the same time, Robert Bruder, an electrical engineer, became aware of how his managers disregarded reports about shoddy work. The three engineers decided to bring their concerns to the Board of Directors through Daniel Helix, a board me mber.However, the Board rejected them and fired them without any written cause or appeal. In 1973, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Committee on Social Implications of Technology (CSIT) intervened by submitting a two-part resolution to the IEEE Board of Directors. The resolution called for IEEE mechanisms to assist engineers when they are placed in jeopardy, in conformity to their ethical principles. As such, the resolution called for IEEE to intervene for the three engineers. Through the IEEE U. S.Activities Committee (USAC), the Board commissioned an amicus curiae brief which aimed to articulate general principles but not to side with the engineers. Moreover, the brief convinced the court that when an engineer was dismissed in an effort to protect the public safety, his termination will be a breach to his employment contract. Afterwards, the engineers accepted a settlement of $75,000 (Book Rags, 2006). Reference Book Rags. (2006). Bay Area Rapid Transi t case. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www. bookrags. com/research/bay-area-rapid-transit-case-este-0001_0001_0/

Intelligence Testing Article Analysis Essay

No other topic in psychology has ever generated as much interest as the study of human intelligence. Numerous tests and strategies have been designed to explore the quality of human intelligence in depth and to analyze the basic factors and processes which take place within the structure of human cognitive functioning. From the viewpoint of psychology, intelligence testing may provide professionals with a wide range of effective instruments of research and analysis. Simultaneously, not all professionals and scholars in the field of psychology agree that intelligence testing is an effective and a relevant tool of psychological analysis. In this context, a number of theories have been designed to explain the essence of intelligence testing as such and the factors which may impede or enhance one’s successes in the process of testing intelligence. Intelligence Testing Article Analysis Introduction No other topic in psychology has ever generated as much interest as the study of human intelligence. Numerous tests and strategies have been designed to explore the quality of human intelligence in depth and to analyze the basic factors and processes which take place within the structure of human cognitive functioning. From the viewpoint of psychology, intelligence testing may provide professionals with a wide range of effective instruments of research and analysis. Simultaneously, not all professionals and scholars in the field of psychology agree that intelligence testing is an effective and a relevant tool of psychological analysis. In this context, a number of theories have been designed to explain the essence of intelligence testing as such and the factors which may impede or enhance one’s successes in the process of testing intelligence. It is difficult not to agree to Gottfredson (2006): â€Å"the debate over intelligence and intelligence testing focuses on the question of whether it is useful or meaningful to evaluate people according to a single major dimension of cognitive competence†. Nevertheless, researchers keep to believe that intelligence testing may be of extreme value, when measuring specific aspects of human cognitive activity and seeking to expand the boundaries of human cognitive functioning. Gottfredson (2006) develops a whole set of theoretical assumptions, trying to remain objective in her evaluation of intelligence testing relevance as a tool of psychological analysis. In Gottfredson’s view, intelligence testing is usually designed to measure one specific aspect of one’s cognitive ability (e. g. , mathematical skills), but where psychologists seek to evaluate one specific cognitive function, they tend to forget that intelligence tests cannot be fully released and clarified of other mental skills. These are usually referred to as â€Å"mental impurities†; they do not have any significant effects on cognitive testing results, but should be taken into account to guarantee the objectivity of testing procedures. Interestingly, Gottfredson (2006) links the effectiveness of intelligence testing to biological factors. In her view, the effectiveness of one’s cognitive functioning depends on age; moreover, researchers tend to believe into existence of a human gene responsible for IQ. Finally, it is at least incorrect to assume that social and psychological environments produce marked effects on one’s IQ. As a result, it is unclear whether measuring one’s intelligence may produce any significant changes on the quality of one’s wellbeing (Gottfredson, 2006); nevertheless, professional psychologists are still committed to the idea of using intelligence testing to define one’s learning disabilities. O’Brien (2001) develops a set of theoretical assumptions which place intelligence testing as the outstanding means to define one’s learning disabilities and the means of resolving them, and while intelligence testing has been widely used to analyze and determine one’s learning disabilities, it would be fair to say that to some extent intelligence testing had been devised for this purpose. In his theory, O’Brien (2001) refers to the cut-off scores which may prevent professionals from investigating the cognitive implications of low-IQ groups, but which cannot also serve a serious obstacle on professionals’ way to developing more effective intelligence testing forms. It appears that on the basis of IQ alone it is possible to predict the pathways children will follow in their cognitive development, and develop a set of social adjustments low-scored children will need to improve the quality of their well-being. In this context, intelligence testing is expected to produce long-term impacts on one’s life and one’s prospects for individual and professional self-realization. Given that intelligence testing involves information processing mechanisms and relevant nerve centers which require activation, the speed of this activation and the quality of information processing shapes the cognitive image of a person and turns intelligence testing into a relevant tool of psychological analysis (Schweizer, 2000). However, how is effective intelligence testing? And what factors professionals need to consider in order to promote objectivity of testing results? Despite the wide application of intelligence testing in psychological practice, its effectiveness remains the topic of hot debate. On the one hand, there is no single definition of what intelligence is. On the other hand, it is not clear, how appropriate it is to measure the social usefulness of a person based on a single cognitive criterion (Gottfredson, 2006). It appears that the effectiveness of intelligence testing also depends on one’s mood, fatigue, or motivation. From the cultural viewpoint, the majority of intelligence tests are designed to fit to Westernized cultural criteria, and are thus of limited use in mixed populations (O’Brien, 2001). Finally, Schweizer (2000) suggests that due to the limited access of human consciousness to information, the processes of information processing involved into intelligence testing may not always reveal the true state of cognitive functioning in children and adults. Certainly, intelligence testing remains one of the most reliable and widely used methods of investigating cognitive mechanisms in humans; but the problem is that we have not yet gone beyond the boundaries of traditional cognitive knowledge. For psychology professionals, intelligence testing remains the only available tool of research, the reliability of which is usually taken for granted. As a result, whether professionals are able to look deeper into the essence of human cognition and to develop sound analytical strategies depends on their preparedness to cross the boundaries of traditional research, and to investigate the effectiveness of traditional intelligence testing procedures. Conclusion Intelligence testing remains one of the central instruments psychology professionals use to test human cognitive abilities. Despite the stable popularity of intelligence testing, its effectiveness remains the topic of hot debate. Numerous factors have to be reconsidered and reevaluated to guarantee objectivity of testing procedures. To a large extent, the reliability of intelligence testing is taken for granted, and whether this type of analytical research works to promote individuals’ social wellbeing depends on the psychology professionals’ ability to look deeper into the essence of intelligence testing and cognitive mechanisms, which are involved into the process of testing one’s cognitive features. References Gottfredson, L. S. (2006). The general intelligence factor. Scientific American. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://www. psych. utoronto. ca/users/reingold/courses/intelligence/cache/1198gottfred. html O’Brien, G. (2001). Defining learning disability: What place does intelligence testing have now? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43 (8): 570-573. Schweizer, K. (2000). Cognitive mechanisms at the core of success and failure in intelligence testing. Psychologische Beitrage, 42 (2): 190-200.

Sugars Symphony essays

Sugars Symphony essays Some have coined music as a universal language. Perhaps, the complexity of the notes, the consistency of the beat, the array of instruments, or the flow of lyricism offers this universal appeal. Nevertheless, the unique composition of each song enables it to sustain its own magnetic aura, much like the musical implication in Lewis Nordan's Music of the Swamp. Though, many argue Nordan's piece suggests merely a collection of short stories rather than a novel, Nordan uses his singsong methodology- a "novel-in-stories"- to incorporate an anthology of his transformative memory- an autobiography of the way it was. By examining the structure of Music of the Swamp, it can be broken into a series of short stories, though it is described by some as a "'novel-in-stories'" (Dupuy 1). Although the novel is divided into three parts and an epilogue, each chapter within each part relates a different episode throughout the childhood of Nordan's main character Sugar Mecklin. The first part begins in third person, while Nordan presents the rest of the sections in first person. Critic Edward Dupuy believes that considering the novel as a short story collective makes the part "...in the third person less engaging, and somewhat disconnected to the others. If seen as a "novel-in-stories, however, the first part serves as a type of overture to the opera that follows..." (Dupuy 3). This musical analogy suggests the ideas of the novel flow, though the novel itself is structured as a compilation of differentiable events. Nordan actually accredits a musical influence as a determining factor in writing his prose. In an interview with Sam Staggs, Nordan mentions that the "'the rhythms of nursery rhymes and songs'" are a significant inspiration in his writing (Staggs 1). In fact, he includes an assortment of songs throughout the novel to articulate the emotions felt during a specific occurrence in his main character's, and perhaps his own, early ...